glp 1 cardiovascular benefit GLP-1 receptor agonists and outcome trials: An update SGLTi and GLP-1 in HF

doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.028688

Employing preclinical, ex vivo, in vivo, and in vitro model systems investigators determined that GLP-1 agonists exert anti-inflammatory and immune modulating effects through their effects on macrophages (reduced interleukin [IL] 1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF], and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand [CXCL]), T and B lymphocytes (reduced cluster of differentiation [CD] 4 cells), monocytes (increased IL-10), mononuclear cells (decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]1, cell death protein [PD],, CD4 and CD8 T cells) [51,52,53,54,55]

Currently, more potent and longer-acting GLP-1RAs suitable for once-weekly subcutaneous administration (exenatide, semaglutide, and dulaglutide) or once-daily oral administration (semaglutide) are available

Semaglutides reported half-life is roughly one week, while tirzepatides is about five days

Interestingly, administration of the GHSR1a antagonist JMV2959 or the inverse agonist SP-analog also attenuate the anorexigenic effect caused by D2 agonists, but in this case, the attenuation appeared immediately

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