Because these particular vitamins are water-soluble, it is tough to overdose an animal to the point of toxicity
Zhang, M., Zhang, Y., Terkeltaub, R., Chen, C., & Neogi, T
UKPDS outcomes model 2: a new version of a model to simulate lifetime health outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using data from the 30 year United Kingdom prospective diabetes study: UKPDS 82
Most recently, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 81 children (8-14 years) residing in the UK found that use of a daily multivitamin/mineral supplement, containing most vitamins as well as iron, copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium, was associated with an increase in accuracy on one attention task (Arrows Flankers test) throughout the 12-week study (106)
This injection is formulated for intramuscular
(2) reduce clearance rate due to slowed metabolism and renal filtration (131)