It is important to have realistic expectations and understand that the process takes time
This disruption can create misleading hotspots that either conceal tumors or make healthy tissue appear abnormal, potentially leading to misdiagnoses, unnecessary procedures, or delayed treatment
With the advancement of research, the understanding of COPD etiology has expanded from exposure to harmful gases/particles to multiple etiological types. New classifications of COPD have emerged, including the pulmonary cachexia phenotype, COPD-bronchiectasis overlap phenotype, rapid progressive phenotype, non-smoking COPD phenotype, comorbidity/systemic phenotype, upper lobe-predominant emphysema phenotype, 1-antitrypsin deficiency phenotype, and early disease-related phenotypes (pre-COPD, early-onset COPD, preserved ratio impaired lung function) ( In contrast, an endotype represents the underlying biological or molecular mechanisms that produce these observable traits
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The identification of comorbidities was based on ICD-10-CM codes
