Excessive ROS disrupt the oxidation-antioxidant balance, activate inflammatory cell signals, and induce endothelial cell dysfunction through mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, promoting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, interfering with nitric oxide synthesis, and delaying endothelial repair, thereby accelerating atherosclerosis development (Tullio et al., 2013
demonstrated that BMSC-Exos reduces ROS in A-exposed hippocampal neurons in vitro and mitigates oxidative damage [119]
Visfatin plays a significant role in macrophage activation, particularly in promoting inflammatory responses
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Remember, Ozempic is only approved as a drug to treat diabetes, and weight loss is a happy side effect
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