Lupus nephritis-related CKD that presents with persistent proteinuria with or without reductions in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) accelerates cardiovascular ageing and promotes cardiovascular disease (CVD) via mechanisms such as renal anaemia 2 , activation of the reninangiotensin system (RAS) and the sympathetic system, mineralocorticoid receptor signalling 3 , fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23)-driven left ventricular hypertrophy 4 , retention of anti-angiogenic metabolites, post-translational modification of atherogenic and pro-inflammatory lipid particles 5 , vascular senescence and calcification 6 , shifts in intestinal microbiota and their secretome 7 and persistent systemic inflammation 6
Firstly, the synthesis of GSH-depleted multicomponent nanomedicines is so time-consuming that it still faces a huge technological gap from laboratory preparation to industrial production (Klochkov et al., 2021)
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J Photochem Photobiol B 138:155159
Chlorella and spirulina also have B12
5 (September 2012): 75862