IGF-1R binding triggers receptor autophosphorylation and activation of two major downstream signaling cascades: the PI3K/Akt pathway and the MAPK/ERK pathway
Inadequate secretion of intrinsic factor, resulting from lesions that destroy the gastric mucosa (ingestion of corrosives, extensive neoplasia), and a number of conditions associated with a variable degree of gastric atrophy (such as multiple sclerosis, HIV infection, AIDS, certain endocrine disorders, iron deficiency, and subtotal gastrectomy)
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doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.02.005
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1974.tb06793.x 91 KulkarniPPTiwariASinghNGautamDSonkarVKAgarwalVet al
Its physiological effects include the inhibition of platelet aggregation, vasodilation, reduction of blood pressure, and enhancement of blood flow, which underpins its therapeutic application in the management of angina pectoris [17]