Combination therapy is typically considered when monotherapy or dual therapy with other agents (such as metformin) fails to achieve adequate glycaemic targets, or when patients require additional cardiovascular or renal protection
Body composition can shift without dramatic scale changes, especially during the starting dose period when water retention patterns are adjusting
However, the parenteral route requires strict sterility precautions to avoid local infections, such as abscesses, as well as severe systemic reactions, including anaphylactic shock and thrombophlebitis
Natural GLP-1 has a very short half-life of around 12 min (4143), depending on the species and results from the effects of the enzyme dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) and renal elimination
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8 Apart from this, peptic ulcers, often linked to Helicobacter pylori infection or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, continue to pose significant clinical challenges in both developing and developed nations