None of the patients in this study achieved live births in their previous cycles
Betaine is mainly used to improve hydration and support calmer skin
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The statistical significance of the difference between two means assessed twice for the same research group was evaluated using a paired t-test or and Wilcoxon signed-rank test
The genes analyzed include key components of the antioxidant response, such as HO1 (heme oxygenase 1), NQO1 (NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1), CAT (catalase), and various superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes, along with glutathione S-transferases (GSTs)
These are subsequently utilised as energy for the duration of exercise