Under oxidative stress and induced by excessive ROS generation, Nrf2 is released from its inhibitor Keap1, allowing its translocation into the nucleus (Kasprzak et al., 2020), where it binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE) present in the DNA sequence of numerous antioxidant enzymes like glutathione-S-transferase, -glutamyl cysteine synthetase (glutamate cysteine ligase), heme oxygenase 1, and paraoxonase-1 inducing their transcription, managing the phase II response to oxidative stress (Kasprzak et al., 2020)
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Fibroblasts are like construction workers: They move into damage sites, building new tissue scaffolding
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In aqueous solution, the equilibrium of acid dissociation can be written symbolically as: HA + H 2 O = A - +H 3 O + where HA is an acid that dissociates into A - , (known as the conjugate base of the acid) and a hydrogen ion which combines with a water molecule to make a hydronium ion