Exosomes, or extracellular nanovesicles, and peptides, small strings of amino acids, have shown promise as topical therapies in early trials, but neither is FDA approved
It also has anti-inflammatory properties, reducing redness and irritation, which is beneficial for sensitive skin
This table is educational, not a prescription
Formulation vehicle: Lipid-based vehicles outperform water-based serums for absorption
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Topical serums work at the skin surface and in the uppermost layers of the dermis, which means they address pigmentation locally rather than systemically