In in vitro macrophage polarization models, exogenous -KG significantly increases Arg1 expression and suppresses iNOS expression, and changes in the -KG/succinate ratio are closely associated with the expression of M2-related genes ( in vitro cultured macrophage models, high concentrations of leucine can enhance anti-inflammatory gene expression through mechanistic target of mTORC1 signaling, which is inconsistent with other theoretical views and suggests that its effects are condition-dependent (29)
Metformin and acid-reducing drugs (e.g., omeprazole) can lower B12 absorption over time
Learn why tirzepatide can cause tiredness and what to do about it
Patients with certain GLP1R or GIPR variants may experience more pronounced or earlier-onset anxiety symptoms, not because the medication is unsafe, but because their baseline receptor sensitivity differs
Altogether, these data support the use of antioxidants (AOX) to reduce the deleterious impact of ROS on skin and prevent hyperpigmentation
However, appetite suppression alone does not guarantee healthy food choices or address stress eating, social eating, or food reward-seeking
