The schematic in Figure 2C captures the sequential progression of hallmark AD features, such as amyloid plaques, tau tangles, neuronal loss, gliosis, synaptic degeneration, and cognitive decline
Additionally, pattern recognition receptors like TLR2 and TLR4 on microglia can be chronically stimulated or desensitized by repetitive exposure to microbial MAMPs translocating from the gut, potentially affecting how microglia respond to misfolded proteins (either by over-reacting and causing bystander damage, or by entering a tolerant state that might impair clearance of aggregates) [71, 119]
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Subsequent, more rigorous retrospective analyses have yielded conflicting and nuanced results
doi: 10.1128/IAI.73.3.1886-1889.2005 36 VenketaramanV.MillmanASalmanMSwaminathanSGoetzMLardizabalAet al
These observations indicate that the composition of amino acids in unicellular algae, seaweeds, and gymnosperms are more dynamic and variable than in angiosperms and other terrestrial land plants