The gut microbiota also plays a significant role in late-phase oral NR metabolism (3 h post-administration), which is converted to NAM by the enzyme BST1, and then deamidated into NA by microbes, allowing PreissHandler synthesis by capable tissues 127
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this metabolite regulates oxidative stress pathways and suppresses lipid peroxidation (Li et al., 2025)
doi: 10.1354/vp.44-1-39