J Transl Med 24 , 781 (2026)
The ferroptosis pathway involves several critical mechanisms: iron uptake via transferrin receptor, ferritinophagy mediated by nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4), iron export through ferroportin regulated by hepcidin, accumulation of lipid peroxides via the Fenton reaction, and antioxidant defense via glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) and glutathione (GSH)
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Briefly, M0 macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN-) to switch to the M1 phenotype as a positive control, while those stimulated with interleukin-4 (IL-4) to switch to the M2 phenotype served as a negative control
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