They are often related to: Mast cell activation and histamine release Mechanical variables Concentration differences Individual biological variability Local pH effects (in certain compounds such as NAD+) In most cases, these reactions are mild, localized, and self-resolving
Studies have shown that people with higher glutathione levels tend to have stronger immune responses
These effects, while not directly studied in horses, suggest potential parallels in metabolic benefits (Tanaka et al., 2004) and (Iossa et al., 2002)
Beside their function in antioxidant defence, bacterial and plant GRX were shown to bind iron-sulfur clusters and to deliver the cluster to enzymes on demand
Plain carnitine has had publicity over the years for varying things muscle/performance related
Absorption relies on simple gastric dissolution