Cigarette smoke also contributes to mitochondrial DNA mutations, which increases ROS production and exacerbates neutrophilic airway inflammation (128)
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Multiple cellular processes are considered to contribute to this functional decline and these are collectively referred to as the hallmarks of aging and these include processes like genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, disabled macroautophagy, deregulated nutrient-sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis 1
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