Farooq Anwar: Writing review & editing
Some problems of the gut can also be a cause of vitamin B12 deficiency, but this is less uncommon, for example: surgery to remove parts of the bowel (the stomach or the end of the small intestine) Crohn's disease atrophic gastritis (where the lining of the stomach is thinned)
GLP-1RAs mitigate these effects through a combination of antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and mitochondrial-stabilizing actions
When I learned about the peptide route, I was skeptical
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Weigand-Heller et al., 2012