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MOTS-c is superior for metabolic energy patients whose fatigue stems from poor glucose regulation, insulin resistance, or mitochondrial dysfunction

However, when glutamine metabolism is targeted with a single treatment, tumor cells will activate other signaling pathways or strengthen glutamine metabolism reprogramming to meet their energy demand, resulting in different degrees of drug resistance in tumor cells, thus restricting targeted glutamine metabolism therapy

Another study explored the effects of intranasally administered epithalon on the pineal cells of stress-induced rats and normal rats, focusing on the proto-oncogene c-Fos, which plays a key role in brain development

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It also fuels nucleotide biosynthesis and sustains oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

Nutrition and metabolic insights , 9 , 2530