J Physiol Pharmacol 2018

Common Causes and Contributors: From Vascular to Medication Effects When I assess ED, I use a structured framework: Vascular (vasculogenic) Atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, impaired NO signaling Diabetes-related microvascular disease Hypertension-related vascular remodeling Neurogenic Peripheral neuropathy (diabetes, B12 deficiency, chemotherapy) Post-surgical or post-radiation nerve injury (e.g., radical prostatectomy) Spinal stenosis, discopathy, or pelvic nerve entrapment Hormonal Low testosterone (hypogonadism): impacts libido and PDE5 responsiveness Thyroid dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, cortisol dysregulation Aromatization and unfavorable T:E2 ratios Psychogenic Depression, anxiety, relationship stress, sexual trauma history Performance anxiety and maladaptive autonomic patterns Drug-induced Antihypertensives (e.g., beta blockers, thiazides) SSRIs/SNRIs, antipsychotics Opioids and androgen suppression Iatrogenic and trauma-related Pelvic surgeries, radiation fibrosis Pelvic fractures, lumbar/pelvic injuries Lifestyle and sleep Sedentary behavior, obesity, poor diet, alcohol use Sleep apnea (major factor in testosterone and endothelial dysfunction) Biomechanics and pain Pelvic floor hypertonicity or dyssynergia SI joint dysfunction, lumbar facet syndromes, hip pathology This framework helps us prioritize diagnostics and personalize treatment

This tendon absorbs much force, and repeated stress often times due to extensive jumping or running can cause tiny micro tears in the patellar tendon
Once absorbed, B12 binds to transport proteins called transcobalamins, which carry it to tissues throughout the body
Many people choose to take both together as part of a comprehensive skin wellness routine.
A common pattern involves using higher doses (2mg daily) during the first cycle, then transitioning to maintenance doses (1mg 2-3x weekly) for subsequent cycles