The copper ion itself serves as a cofactor for lysyl oxidase, the enzyme responsible for collagen and elastin cross-linking, meaning GHK-Cu both stimulates production of new structural proteins and ensures they are properly stabilized
Mechanisms include: Restoration of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) Upregulation of VEGF and FGF-2 (fibroblast growth factor 2) Reduction of oxidative stress and cytokine-induced apoptosis BPC-157 preserved endothelium-dependent vasodilation via upregulation of eNOS and suppression of vascular inflammation. Gwyer Findlay et al., Peptides 4
According to the CDC, nearly 42.4% of American adults are considered obese, a figure that has steadily risen over the years
This last paragraph was clearly not kept in mind when decisions on cost saving were made
Vitamin B12 injection side effects are usually mild
But the clinical evidence for GHK-Cu is solid enough that it deserves a prominent place in any evidence-based hair loss conversation and it's been underrepresented for too long