doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1729166 Received 21 October 2025 Revised 01 December 2025 Accepted 17 December 2025 Published 15 January 2026 Volume 13 - 2025 Edited by Ling Wang, Dalian Medical University, China Reviewed by Nicola Alessio, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy Yesuf Adem Siraj, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia Updates Copyright 2026 Hu, Li, Hu, Shan, Tang, Jiang, Yi, Chen, Jin, Wang and Wang
M1 secretes pro-inflammatory cytokines (mainly IL-1, IL-6, and TNF), which lead to osteoclast (OC) activation and joint erosion, and M2 produces anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor- (TGF-) to promote angiogenesis and tissue remodeling [82, 83]
Micro-environment and intracellular metabolism modulation of adipose tissue macrophage polarization in relation to chronic inflammatory diseases
Research has focused on its extended duration of action compared to native GHRH and its effects on GH secretion, IGF-1 levels, and body composition parameters
SIRT1, the most extensively studied mammalian sirtuin, exemplifies the profound regulatory influence of NAD+-dependent protein deacetylation on cellular function and aging processes
10.3390/ijms21249656 5 AnY.LinS.TanX.ZhuS.NieF.ZhenY.et al (2021)
