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J., Madden, N

A topically applied peptide must survive on the skin surface, penetrate the stratum corneum barrier, and reach the follicular target at a biologically relevant concentration

This may involve eliminating rapid-acting insulin, giving a decreased amount of intermediate-acting insulin, or using alternative insulin regimens such as basal insulin administration or frequent dosing of rapid-acting insulin

doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30025-1

And overcoming these hurdles using conventional approaches has been challenging

In the study above, the authors note that more drugs [from postauricular injection] concentrated in the inner ear for longer therapeutic time, and less systemic delivery implied less risk of side effects. Practical Considerations: Injection Scheduling Protocol typically involves multiple injections over 12 weeks