Coe and Ross 1990
Updated 22 July 2025
Because these are intramuscular injections, some patients may experience mild and temporary side effects at the injection site, including: Soreness or tenderness Mild redness or swelling Minor bruising These symptoms are typically minimal and resolve quickly
Morphine has a high intrinsic hepatic clearance and about 60% of morphine is removed by first pass extraction after an oral dose
Anti-Aggression Effects Anti-aggression effects at the same 0.5 g/kg dose reduced physical attacks 5-fold in aggression-stimulating environments within 12 minutes
[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 21.Suchankova P., Yan J., Schwandt M.L., Stangl B.L., Caparelli E.C., Momenan R., Jerlhag E., Engel J.A., Hodgkinson C.A., Egli M., et al