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LF inhibits the release of IL-1 in the liver (34), suppresses the expression of monocytes chemochemin-1 (MCP-1) in the liver and adipose tissue of epididymis in obese mice (35), decreases the levels of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in mice fed a high-fat diet (36), mainly by inhibiting LPS-induced secretion of IL-6 by human monocyte cell lines (37), down-regulating LPS-stimulated secretion of IL-10 by macrophages (38), and inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 (39), and upregulates lipocalin expression ( Figure 1 In T2DM mice, LF ameliorates pancreatic dysfunction by reducing inflammatory responses through regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
Additional reported benefits include improved energy, digestion, detoxification, and stronger immunity
However, no existing literature has systematically summarized the potential benefits of UA as a sports supplement on exercise performance, nor has it provided recommendations for supplementation strategies
As a result, it supports healthy weight management when paired with regular exercise
10.3389/FENDO.2023.1261860 13 BuczyskaA.SidorkiewiczI.KociuszkoM.AdamskaA.SiewkoK.DzicioJ.et al (2023a)
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